The Darkroom

The easy way to make a great print is to start out with a great negative. In theory, it's not that difficult to learn to make great negatives. Each film you shoot and process, you learn a little more about how to get closer to the perfect negative. But there are two large, active flies in this particular ointment. One is that you don't want to throw away all your old negatives and wait for the perfect one, and the other is that you don't always get it right. The result is that there are always plenty of less-than-perfect negatives that need printing.

Stacked rifles, Civil War re-enactment. This negative (on Ilford XP2) printed perfectly, straight off, on Grade 3 (XP2 normally requires 3 or 31/2), with no dodging or burning. It has all the detail I wanted in the gunstocks and the pavement. This is the perfect sort of thing to reassure yourself that the darkroom, and yourself, are in good working order. (Nikkormat FTn, 90mm f/2.5 Vivitar Series 1.) © 2004, Frances E. Schultz, All Rights Reserved

This is not entirely bad news, because the best way to learn to print is from a mixture of good and bad negatives. Even a novice printer should be able to get a good print from a good negative, but it takes experience (or luck) to get a good print from a bad negative. Given the unpredictable nature of luck, it's probably easier to concentrate on gaining experience as a printer, rather than going out looking for four-leaf clovers.

In other words, you don't want to learn to print only from good negatives; on the other hand, you want at least some good negatives to keep you encouraged.

The first thing to realize is that the examples of good and bad negatives and printing that you see in books and magazines are always exaggerated. They have to be. Photomechanical reproduction is very much less subtle than silver halide printing, with a shorter tonal range and less differentiation in both the highlights and the shadows. This is why there is no substitute for making your own prints, and then remaking them, until they are as good as they can possibly be.

Rochester, New York, in the early 1940s. My late father made this negative on Kodak Plus-X, which at the time was fairly new. Almost all the interest is in the light mid tones (the building); the mid tones (the roof of the car and the darker stonework); and the dark mid tones, though these are underexposed. I had to use Grade 41/2 in order to get these tones, but that's all right, especially with a 60-year-old negative. © 2004, Frances E. Schultz, All Rights Reserved

The prints that reproduce best are fortunately the ones that are also easiest to make: all the detail and subtlety is in the mid tones, without subtle highlights and shadows. You can soon learn to recognize this in negatives, once you realize that this is what you are looking for. The best idea, therefore, is to select a few of these as your "good" negatives.

Your "bad" negatives needn't be all bad. Some may be negatives that you have had problems printing in the past, but others may simply be negatives that look attractive but rely heavily on highlight or shadow detail: you like the subject matter and the composition, but you aren't necessarily sure about how easy they will be to print.

Good Blacks And Whites
The first thing you want in your print, usually, is good blacks and good whites. Neither need occupy a very large part of the picture area. Some successful pictures, for that matter, may lack one or the other or both, but it is always easy to tell when this is deliberate and when it is a failure of technique. At least, you can tell in your own prints what you wanted, though other photographers may prefer to make prints that look muddy to you, and your prints may look muddy or overly contrasty to someone else. It's all a matter of taste. Don't try to fool yourself, though, that you wanted a particular effect when in your heart of hearts you know it doesn't work.

Good Mid Tones
Getting both a good black and a good white in a print is almost always easy if you use the right contrast grade of paper. Too little contrast and you lose good blacks or whites or both; too much contrast and you have only blacks and whites, with little or no subtlety in either, and harsh, contrasty mid tones.

Usually, therefore, you want the softest grade of paper that will give you both pure whites and deep blacks, but no softer. Any softer will give you a muddy print; any harder will give you "soot and whitewash." A muddy print is not just one that has no good blacks or whites: it is also one where the mid tones are inadequately differentiated and blur into cigarette-ash gray, just as an overly contrasty print differentiates the mid tones too harshly.